diff --git a/back/api/subscription.ts b/back/api/subscription.ts
index 7efd00ae..6683d88f 100644
--- a/back/api/subscription.ts
+++ b/back/api/subscription.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { Container } from 'typedi';
 import { Logger } from 'winston';
 import SubscriptionService from '../services/subscription';
 import { celebrate, Joi } from 'celebrate';
-import CronExpressionParser from 'cron-parser';
+import { isValidCronSchedule } from '../shared/cronSchedule';
 const route = Router();
 
 export default (app: Router) => {
@@ -58,10 +58,7 @@ export default (app: Router) => {
     async (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
       const logger: Logger = Container.get('logger');
       try {
-        if (
-          !req.body.schedule ||
-          CronExpressionParser.parse(req.body.schedule).hasNext()
-        ) {
+        if (!req.body.schedule || isValidCronSchedule(req.body.schedule)) {
           const subscriptionService = Container.get(SubscriptionService);
           const data = await subscriptionService.create(req.body);
           return res.send({ code: 200, data });
@@ -204,11 +201,7 @@ export default (app: Router) => {
     async (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
       const logger: Logger = Container.get('logger');
       try {
-        if (
-          !req.body.schedule ||
-          typeof req.body.schedule === 'object' ||
-          CronExpressionParser.parse(req.body.schedule).hasNext()
-        ) {
+        if (!req.body.schedule || isValidCronSchedule(req.body.schedule)) {
           const subscriptionService = Container.get(SubscriptionService);
           const data = await subscriptionService.update(req.body);
           return res.send({ code: 200, data });
diff --git a/back/schedule/addCron.ts b/back/schedule/addCron.ts
index bcf7200b..bdb29da0 100644
--- a/back/schedule/addCron.ts
+++ b/back/schedule/addCron.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { ServerUnaryCall, sendUnaryData, status } from '@grpc/grpc-js';
 import { AddCronRequest, AddCronResponse } from '../protos/cron';
-import nodeSchedule from 'node-schedule';
+import { createCronJob, CronJob } from '../shared/cronScheduler';
 import { isValidCronSchedule } from '../shared/cronSchedule';
 import { scheduleStacks } from './data';
 import { runCron } from '../shared/runCron';
@@ -24,11 +24,7 @@ const addCron = (
 
     if (!isValidCronField(schedule)) {
       validationErrors.push(
-        tf(
-          '任务ID %s: 无效的 cron 表达式 "%s"',
-          String(id),
-          schedule,
-        ),
+        tf('任务ID %s: 无效的 cron 表达式 "%s"', String(id), schedule),
       );
     }
 
@@ -56,79 +52,58 @@ const addCron = (
     return;
   }
 
-  // Recovery replaces the whole snapshot, including deletions and disabled jobs.
-  // Validation above must finish before touching the previous schedule.
-  if (call.request.replace) {
-    for (const jobs of scheduleStacks.values()) {
-      for (const job of jobs) job?.cancel();
+  // Prepare stopped jobs first: construction errors must preserve the old snapshot.
+  const prepared = new Map<string, CronJob[]>();
+  try {
+    for (const item of call.request.crons) {
+      const jobs: CronJob[] = [];
+      prepared.get(item.id)?.forEach((job) => job.cancel());
+      prepared.set(item.id, jobs);
+      for (const schedule of [
+        item.schedule,
+        ...(item.extra_schedules || []).map((x) => x.schedule),
+      ]) {
+        jobs.push(
+          createCronJob(
+            schedule,
+            async () => {
+              Logger.info('[schedule][准备运行任务] 命令: %s', item.command);
+              await runCron(item.command, item);
+            },
+            {
+              name: `${item.id}: ${item.name || ''}`,
+              logger: Logger,
+              start: false,
+            },
+          ),
+        );
+      }
     }
-    scheduleStacks.clear();
+  } catch (error) {
+    for (const jobs of prepared.values()) jobs.forEach((job) => job.cancel());
+    const err: any = new Error(
+      error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+    );
+    err.code = status.INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    err.details = err.message;
+    callback(err, null);
+    return;
   }
 
-  // ===== 第二遍：注册所有任务 =====
-  for (const item of call.request.crons) {
-    const { id, schedule, command, extra_schedules, name } = item;
-
-    // 取消该 id 已有的旧任务
-    if (scheduleStacks.has(id)) {
-      scheduleStacks.get(id)?.forEach((x) => x.cancel());
-    }
-
+  if (call.request.replace) {
+    for (const jobs of scheduleStacks.values())
+      jobs.forEach((job) => job?.cancel());
+    scheduleStacks.clear();
+  }
+  for (const [id, jobs] of prepared) {
+    scheduleStacks.get(id)?.forEach((job) => job.cancel());
+    scheduleStacks.set(id, jobs);
+    jobs.forEach((job) => job.start());
     Logger.info(
-      '[schedule][创建定时任务] 任务ID: %s, 名称: %s, cron: %s, 执行命令: %s',
+      '[schedule][创建定时任务] 任务ID: %s, 规则数: %s',
       id,
-      name,
-      schedule,
-      command,
+      jobs.length,
     );
-
-    if (extra_schedules?.length) {
-      extra_schedules.forEach((x) => {
-        Logger.info(
-          '[schedule][创建定时任务] 任务ID: %s, 名称: %s, cron: %s, 执行命令: %s',
-          id,
-          name,
-          x.schedule,
-          command,
-        );
-      });
-    }
-
-    const mainJob = nodeSchedule.scheduleJob(id, schedule, async () => {
-      Logger.info(`[schedule][准备运行任务] 命令: ${command}`);
-      runCron(command, item);
-    });
-
-    if (!mainJob) {
-      Logger.warn(
-        '[schedule][创建定时任务] scheduleJob 返回 null（不符合预期，已通过预校验）: 任务ID: %s, cron: %s',
-        id,
-        schedule,
-      );
-    }
-
-    const extraJobs = extra_schedules?.length
-      ? extra_schedules.map((x) => {
-          const job = nodeSchedule.scheduleJob(id, x.schedule, async () => {
-            Logger.info(`[schedule][准备运行任务] 命令: ${command}`);
-            runCron(command, item);
-          });
-          if (!job) {
-            Logger.warn(
-              '[schedule][创建定时任务] scheduleJob 返回 null（不符合预期，已通过预校验）: 任务ID: %s, cron: %s',
-              id,
-              x.schedule,
-            );
-          }
-          return job;
-        })
-      : [];
-
-    // 过滤 null（兜底保护，正常情况下预校验已拦截）
-    const jobs = [mainJob, ...extraJobs].filter((x) => x != null);
-    if (jobs.length > 0) {
-      scheduleStacks.set(id, jobs);
-    }
   }
 
   callback(null, null);
diff --git a/back/schedule/client.ts b/back/schedule/client.ts
index 495ed12b..3243e806 100644
--- a/back/schedule/client.ts
+++ b/back/schedule/client.ts
@@ -67,11 +67,17 @@ class Client {
     replace = false
   ): Promise<AddCronResponse> {
     await this.waitForReady(2000);
+    // Include every rule in a recovery snapshot, but bound a stuck worker.
+    const ruleCount = request.reduce(
+      (count, item) => count + 1 + (item.extra_schedules?.length || 0),
+      0,
+    );
+    const registrationTimeoutMs = Math.min(120000, 5000 + ruleCount * 5);
     return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
       this.client.addCron(
         { crons: request, replace },
         new Metadata(),
-        { deadline: Date.now() + 5000 },
+        { deadline: Date.now() + registrationTimeoutMs },
         (err, res) => {
           if (err) {
             if (err.code === status.UNAVAILABLE || err.code === status.DEADLINE_EXCEEDED) {
diff --git a/back/schedule/data.ts b/back/schedule/data.ts
index 3d911529..94969b81 100644
--- a/back/schedule/data.ts
+++ b/back/schedule/data.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-import nodeSchedule from 'node-schedule';
+import { CronJob } from '../shared/cronScheduler';
 import { ToadScheduler } from 'toad-scheduler';
 
-export const scheduleStacks = new Map<string, nodeSchedule.Job[]>();
+export const scheduleStacks = new Map<string, CronJob[]>();
 
 export const intervalSchedule = new ToadScheduler();
diff --git a/back/schedule/delCron.ts b/back/schedule/delCron.ts
index f711deea..1f5f86ae 100644
--- a/back/schedule/delCron.ts
+++ b/back/schedule/delCron.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ const delCron = (
         '[schedule][取消定时任务] 任务ID: %s',
         id,
       );
-      // 过滤掉 nodeSchedule.scheduleJob() 对无效表达式返回的 null，
+      // 防御性过滤历史调度栈中的空任务，
       // 否则对 null 调 cancel() 会让整个取消流程抛出 UNKNOWN 错误，
       // 进而导致 HTTP 端的 remove() 跳过 setCrontab()，造成 crontab.list 残留。
       scheduleStacks.get(id)?.filter((x) => x != null).forEach((x) => {
diff --git a/back/services/cron.ts b/back/services/cron.ts
index b259ad01..b89b617a 100644
--- a/back/services/cron.ts
+++ b/back/services/cron.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { randomUUID } from 'crypto';
-import { getInvalidCronSchedules } from '../shared/cronSchedule';
+import { getInvalidCronSchedules, isValidCronSchedule } from '../shared/cronSchedule';
 import {
   withSchedulerMutation,
   schedulerRegistrationError,
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import {
 } from '../data/runningInstance';
 import { exec, execSync } from 'child_process';
 import fs from 'fs/promises';
-import CronExpressionParser from 'cron-parser';
 import {
   getFileContentByName,
   fileExist,
@@ -47,12 +46,20 @@ export default class CronService {
 
   private isNodeCron(cron: Crontab) {
     const { schedule, extra_schedules } = cron;
+    const fields = schedule?.trim().split(/\s+/) || [];
     // System crontab only receives portable numeric five-field expressions.
-    // Extended syntax, macros and legacy shorthand belong to node-schedule.
+    // Extended syntax, macros and legacy shorthand use the Node scheduler.
     return (
-      schedule?.trim().split(/\s+/).length !== 5 ||
+      fields.length !== 5 ||
       /[^\d\s*,/\-]/.test(schedule || '') ||
-      Boolean(extra_schedules?.length)
+      Boolean(extra_schedules?.length) ||
+      // BusyBox treats N/step as a single value and doesn't support Sunday=7.
+      fields.some((field) => field.split(',').some((part) => /^\d+\//.test(part))) ||
+      fields[4].includes('7') ||
+      // BusyBox steps DOM from zero; its full-range day/week wildcard
+      // handling also differs from the legacy Node parser's OR semantics.
+      fields[2].includes('/') ||
+      (fields[2] !== '*' && fields[4] !== '*')
     );
   }
 
@@ -1057,7 +1064,7 @@ export default class CronService {
         if (
           command &&
           schedule &&
-          CronExpressionParser.parse(schedule).hasNext()
+          isValidCronSchedule(schedule)
         ) {
           const name = namePrefix + '_' + index;
 
diff --git a/back/services/schedule.ts b/back/services/schedule.ts
index 884894d9..d61b56b9 100644
--- a/back/services/schedule.ts
+++ b/back/services/schedule.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Service, Inject } from 'typedi';
 import winston from 'winston';
-import nodeSchedule from 'node-schedule';
+import { createCronJob, CronJob } from '../shared/cronScheduler';
 import { ChildProcessWithoutNullStreams } from 'child_process';
 import {
   ToadScheduler,
@@ -11,7 +11,11 @@ import {
 import dayjs from 'dayjs';
 import taskLimit from '../shared/pLimit';
 import { spawn } from 'cross-spawn';
-import { observeChildProcess, asError, ProcessResult } from '../shared/childProcess';
+import {
+  observeChildProcess,
+  asError,
+  ProcessResult,
+} from '../shared/childProcess';
 
 export interface ScheduleTaskType {
   id?: number;
@@ -38,7 +42,7 @@ export interface TaskCallbacks {
 
 @Service()
 export default class ScheduleService {
-  private scheduleStacks = new Map<string, nodeSchedule.Job>();
+  private scheduleStacks = new Map<string, CronJob>();
 
   private intervalSchedule = new ToadScheduler();
 
@@ -159,18 +163,33 @@ export default class ScheduleService {
       command,
     );
 
-    this.scheduleStacks.set(
-      _id,
-      nodeSchedule.scheduleJob(_id, schedule, async () => {
-        this.runTask(command, callbacks, {
-          name,
+    if (schedule) {
+      try {
+        const job = createCronJob(
           schedule,
-          command,
-          id: _id,
-          runOrigin,
-        });
-      }),
-    );
+          () =>
+            this.runTask(command, callbacks, {
+              name,
+              schedule,
+              command,
+              id: _id,
+              runOrigin,
+            }),
+          { name: `${_id}: ${name || ''}`, logger: this.logger, start: false },
+        );
+        this.scheduleStacks.get(_id)?.cancel();
+        this.scheduleStacks.set(_id, job);
+        job.start();
+      } catch (error) {
+        // A persisted invalid subscription must not become an unhandled startup rejection.
+        this.logger.warn(
+          '[panel][跳过无效定时任务] 任务ID: %s, cron: %s, 错误: %s',
+          _id,
+          schedule,
+          asError(error).message,
+        );
+      }
+    }
 
     if (runImmediately) {
       this.runTask(command, callbacks, {
diff --git a/back/shared/cronSchedule.ts b/back/shared/cronSchedule.ts
index 69d4f2aa..061a072c 100644
--- a/back/shared/cronSchedule.ts
+++ b/back/shared/cronSchedule.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,93 @@
-import cronParser from 'cron-parser-v4';
+import CronExpressionParser from 'cron-parser';
+import { validate } from 'node-cron';
 import { ScheduleType } from '../interface/schedule';
 
-// Keep validation aligned with node-schedule's locked cron-parser version.
-// cron-parser 5 accepts syntax (e.g. H) that the scheduler cannot execute.
+const aliases: Record<string, string> = {
+  '@yearly': '0 0 0 1 1 *',
+  '@annually': '0 0 0 1 1 *',
+  '@monthly': '0 0 0 1 * *',
+  '@weekly': '0 0 0 * * 0',
+  '@daily': '0 0 0 * * *',
+  '@midnight': '0 0 0 * * *',
+  '@hourly': '0 0 * * * *',
+  '@minutely': '0 * * * * *',
+};
+
+export interface CronSchedule {
+  patterns: string[];
+  dayCount: number;
+  nthDay: number;
+}
+
+// Validation and registration repeatedly see identical rules in large snapshots.
+// Cache only immutable syntax, never dates or running tasks, and bound user input.
+const scheduleCache = new Map<string, CronSchedule>();
+
+// Canonicalize legacy shorthand, aliases, names and numeric-start steps before
+// node-cron sees them. Extend legacy aliases explicitly; reject H and bare /N.
+export function parseCronSchedule(schedule: unknown): CronSchedule {
+  if (typeof schedule !== 'string' || !schedule.trim()) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid cron schedule');
+  }
+  let source = schedule.trim();
+  const cacheKey = source;
+  const cached = scheduleCache.get(cacheKey);
+  if (cached) return cached;
+  if (source.startsWith('@')) {
+    if (!Object.hasOwn(aliases, source)) throw new Error('Invalid cron alias');
+    source = aliases[source];
+  }
+  let parts = source.split(/\s+/);
+  if (
+    parts.length > 6 ||
+    parts.some((part) => /(^|,)\//.test(part) || /H(?:\(|\/|$)/i.test(part))
+  ) {
+    throw new Error('Unsupported cron syntax');
+  }
+  parts = [
+    ...['0', '*', '*', '*', '*', '*'].slice(0, 6 - parts.length),
+    ...parts,
+  ];
+  if (
+    parts.some(
+      (part, index) => index !== 3 && index !== 5 && part.includes('?'),
+    )
+  ) {
+    throw new Error('Question mark is only valid in day fields');
+  }
+  const expression = CronExpressionParser.parse(parts.join(' '));
+  if (!expression.hasNext())
+    throw new Error('Cron schedule has no next execution');
+  const normalized = expression.stringify(true).replace(/\?/g, '*').split(' ');
+  const dayCount = expression.fields.dayOfMonth.values.length;
+  const weekCount = expression.fields.dayOfWeek.values.length;
+  const patterns =
+    dayCount < 31 && weekCount < 8
+      ? [
+          [...normalized.slice(0, 5), '*'].join(' '),
+          [...normalized.slice(0, 3), '*', ...normalized.slice(4)].join(' '),
+        ]
+      : [normalized.join(' ')];
+  if (!patterns.every((pattern) => validate(pattern))) {
+    throw new Error('Unsupported cron schedule');
+  }
+  const parsed = {
+    patterns,
+    dayCount,
+    nthDay: expression.fields.dayOfWeek.nthDay,
+  };
+  Object.freeze(patterns);
+  Object.freeze(parsed);
+  if (scheduleCache.size >= 512)
+    scheduleCache.delete(scheduleCache.keys().next().value);
+  scheduleCache.set(cacheKey, parsed);
+  return parsed;
+}
+
 export function isValidCronSchedule(schedule: unknown): schedule is string {
-  if (typeof schedule !== 'string' || !schedule.trim()) return false;
   try {
-    return cronParser.parseExpression(schedule).hasNext();
+    parseCronSchedule(schedule);
+    return true;
   } catch {
     return false;
   }
@@ -22,6 +103,8 @@ export function getInvalidCronSchedules(cron: {
   ) {
     return [];
   }
-  return [cron.schedule, ...(cron.extra_schedules || []).map((x) => x.schedule)]
-    .filter((schedule) => !isValidCronSchedule(schedule));
+  return [
+    cron.schedule,
+    ...(cron.extra_schedules || []).map((x) => x.schedule),
+  ].filter((schedule) => !isValidCronSchedule(schedule));
 }
diff --git a/back/shared/cronScheduler.ts b/back/shared/cronScheduler.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65443a7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/back/shared/cronScheduler.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import { createTask, ScheduledTask } from 'node-cron';
+import { parseCronSchedule } from './cronSchedule';
+
+interface SchedulerLogger {
+  warn(message: string, ...args: unknown[]): unknown;
+  error(message: string, ...args: unknown[]): unknown;
+}
+
+export interface CronJob {
+  start(): void;
+  cancel(): void;
+}
+
+// node-cron owns timers and calendar calculation; Qinglong owns execution
+// concurrency and process lifetime. Missed in-process slots join that same queue.
+export function createCronJob(
+  schedule: string,
+  callback: (date: Date) => unknown | Promise<unknown>,
+  options: { name: string; logger: SchedulerLogger; start?: boolean },
+): CronJob {
+  const parsed = parseCronSchedule(schedule);
+  const tasks: ScheduledTask[] = [];
+  let cancelled = false;
+  let started = false;
+  const accepts = (index: number, date: Date) => {
+    if (tasks.length === 1) return true;
+    // Preserve cron-parser 4's day/weekday OR semantics, including its
+    // month-dependent full-day range and the global nth-week constraint.
+    if (parsed.nthDay && Math.ceil(date.getDate() / 7) !== parsed.nthDay)
+      return false;
+    if (index === 1) return !tasks[0].match(date);
+    const monthDays = [31, 29, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31];
+    return parsed.dayCount < monthDays[date.getMonth()] || tasks[1].match(date);
+  };
+  const dispatch = async (index: number, date: Date, missed: boolean) => {
+    if (cancelled || !started || !accepts(index, date)) return;
+    if (missed) {
+      options.logger.warn(
+        '[schedule][补执行迟到任务] 任务: %s, 计划时间: %s',
+        options.name,
+        date.toISOString(),
+      );
+    }
+    try {
+      await callback(date);
+    } catch (error) {
+      options.logger.error(
+        '[schedule][定时回调失败] 任务: %s, 错误: %s',
+        options.name,
+        error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+      );
+    }
+  };
+  try {
+    for (const [index, pattern] of parsed.patterns.entries()) {
+      const task = createTask(
+        pattern,
+        (context) => dispatch(index, context.date, false),
+        {
+          noOverlap: false,
+          missedExecutionTolerance: 5000,
+        },
+      );
+      tasks.push(task);
+      task.on('execution:missed', (context) =>
+        dispatch(index, context.date, true),
+      );
+      // Fail before an existing schedule is cancelled, including impossible dates.
+      task.getNextRuns(1);
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    tasks.forEach((task) => task.destroy());
+    throw error;
+  }
+  const job: CronJob = {
+    start() {
+      if (started || cancelled) return;
+      started = true;
+      tasks.forEach((task) => task.start());
+    },
+    cancel() {
+      if (cancelled) return;
+      cancelled = true;
+      tasks.forEach((task) => task.destroy());
+    },
+  };
+  if (options.start !== false) job.start();
+  return job;
+}
diff --git a/docs/development/node-cron-migration.md b/docs/development/node-cron-migration.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b32011e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/development/node-cron-migration.md
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Node cron 调度器迁移
+
+Node 调度路径使用固定版本 `node-cron@4.6.0`，普通任务（含额外规则）、订阅和系统 cron 共用 `back/shared/cronScheduler.ts`。启动/一次性任务、间隔任务、脚本并发限制和进程执行链路保持原有实现。系统模式只将语义一致的普通五字段规则交给 crond。
+
+移除 `node-schedule`、其类型包以及兼容别名 `cron-parser-v4`。保留 `cron-parser@5` 做旧表达式的校验与标准化；计时器和日历推进由 node-cron 管理。
+
+## 兼容行为
+
+- 保留旧版 1–6 字段补全、五种宏、月份/星期名称、数字起点步长、L 和 #。另外明确新增 `@annually`（等同 `@yearly`）、`@midnight`（等同 `@daily`）、`@minutely`（每分钟第 0 秒）。宏按进程时区解释。`?` 仅允许日期和星期字段；裸 `/N`、H 和其他未列出的宏仍拒绝。
+- 日期与星期同时指定时保留 OR 语义，不采用 node-cron 默认的 AND。两个原生任务分别处理日期和星期，并按计划时间过滤交集，避免重复执行；保留旧解析器的月份全日期范围及全局 nth-week 限制。
+- 原生任务先暂停创建并验证，再替换旧任务。构造失败时销毁已准备的实例并保留旧快照。
+- 进程内迟到的触发通过 `execution:missed` 加入既有执行队列，记录补执行日志。并发和单任务积压上限仍由青龙队列控制；这不提供进程退出期间的持久化补跑或分布式 exactly-once 保证。
+- 标准化结果使用上限 512 条的只读缓存，仅缓存语法，不缓存运行实例或下次执行时间。避免大批相同表达式重复解析导致恢复 RPC 超时。
+- 回调异常记录日志，后续调度继续；取消时调用原生 `destroy()` 释放计时器和注册表。
+- 持久化无效任务在恢复时跳过并记录日志，无效订阅不会产生未处理的启动拒绝。API、导入和执行使用同一套表达式校验。
+
+## 复审修复
+
+- 移除没有生产调用的 `nextInvocation()` 接口，避免对 OR/# 等过滤规则报告不会实际执行的原生日期。回归测试直接观察实际执行和原生实例状态。
+- 批量注册 RPC 时限为 5 秒加每条规则 5 毫秒，计入额外规则并封顶 120 秒；保留超时后的恢复机制，不立即重放结果不确定的写入。
+- Alpine/系统模式下，数字起点步长（如 `0/5`）、星期包含 `7`、日期步长、日期和星期同时受限的表达式转入 Node 路径。BusyBox 的这些解析或通配语义与旧 Node 解析器不同，不能仅因是纯数字五字段就交给 crond。
+- 这些规则在 `crontab.list` 中仍保留为注释，避免同时被系统和 Node 执行。其他可移植规则仍使用系统 crond。
+
+## 夏令时差异
+
+采用 node-cron 的当地时间语义：春季跳时不存在的时间跳过，秋季重复小时不再执行第二次。旧 cron-parser 对部分春季时间会顺延，并可能重复秋季高频任务。使用有夏令时的时区时需要考虑该行为变化；Asia/Shanghai 不受影响。回归测试固定 America/New_York 的 2026 年转换日期。
+
+## 验证
+
+`npm test` 和 `npm run build:back`。
+
+- `test/fixtures/legacy-cron.json` 是迁移前使用 node-schedule 2.1.1 / cron-parser 4.9.0 保存的快照：269 条语法判定，18 组日历序列，每组 10 次执行。
+- 真正的 node-cron 实例配合虚拟时钟验证日期/星期 OR、交集去重、闰年、L/#、8 秒迟到补执行、取消释放、回调拒绝和夏令时。
+- 注册构造失败回滚、无效订阅隔离、空表达式立即运行，以及现有调度恢复/503/子进程测试覆盖接入流程。
+- 隔离的正式 Debian 镜像使用实际编译产物验证 10,000 条有效任务和 2 条错误任务的恢复、300 个同时到期的 Python 脚本、并发上限 16 及 HTTP 健康检查。具体结果见本次测试报告；这是生产镜像隔离验证，不是线上长期运行证明。
+
+### 本次验收结果（2026-09-27）
+
+完整回归 260 通过、3 项原有跳过，后端编译成功。Node 20 生产运行时的 21 项兼容测试通过。隔离镜像中 300/300 脚本完成，无重复或遗漏，最大并发 16，270 个成功及 30 个预设失败均落库；完成耗时 52.36 秒。恢复后健康检查 1,870/1,870 成功，任务列表 38/38 成功。重启恢复阶段另有 50 次健康检查失败。
+
+初版重复解析曾导致恢复超过 5 秒 RPC 时限，加入有上限的语法缓存后重跑通过。本次 10,000 个任务共享两个表达式，不能视为一万种复杂表达式的容量保证；实际脚本耗时也不代表纯调度性能。
+
+新增宏在 UTC 和 Asia/Shanghai 下验证连续两次实际触发及不提前触发；原有语法快照仅对这三个新增宏允许预期变化。
+
+### 复审后验收
+
+完整回归 267 通过、3 项原有跳过；Node 20 的 10 项修复回归及 Alpine 镜像的 24 项兼容/宏测试通过。
+
+额外使用 9,700 个不同表达式和 300 个同时到期任务验证恢复（另有 2 个无效任务），不再局限于共享两个表达式。300/300 脚本完成，无重复或遗漏，最大并发 16，270 个退出码 0、30 个预设退出码 3 均落库。恢复后健康检查 1,650/1,650 成功、任务列表 33/33 成功；启动恢复阶段另有 260 次健康检查失败，整批脚本耗时 60.27 秒。较大快照恢复仍需等待，不承诺启动阶段始终可用或任意规模都能在时限内恢复。
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 25d356ce..89ab8715 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -90,7 +90,6 @@
     "compression": "^1.7.4",
     "cors": "^2.8.5",
     "cron-parser": "^5.4.0",
-    "cron-parser-v4": "npm:cron-parser@4.9.0",
     "cross-spawn": "^7.0.6",
     "dayjs": "^1.11.13",
     "dotenv": "^16.4.6",
@@ -108,7 +107,7 @@
     "keyv": "^5.2.3",
     "lodash": "^4.17.21",
     "multer": "2.1.1",
-    "node-schedule": "^2.1.0",
+    "node-cron": "4.6.0",
     "nodemailer": "^8.0.1",
     "p-queue-cjs": "7.3.4",
     "proper-lockfile": "^4.1.2",
@@ -145,7 +144,6 @@
     "@types/lodash": "^4.14.185",
     "@types/multer": "^1.4.7",
     "@types/node": "^17.0.21",
-    "@types/node-schedule": "^1.3.2",
     "@types/nodemailer": "^6.4.4",
     "@types/proper-lockfile": "^4.1.4",
     "@types/ps-tree": "^1.1.6",
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index e8089d99..543d0090 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -42,9 +42,6 @@ dependencies:
   cron-parser:
     specifier: ^5.4.0
     version: 5.4.0
-  cron-parser-v4:
-    specifier: npm:cron-parser@4.9.0
-    version: /cron-parser@4.9.0
   cross-spawn:
     specifier: ^7.0.6
     version: 7.0.6
@@ -96,9 +93,9 @@ dependencies:
   multer:
     specifier: 2.1.1
     version: 2.1.1
-  node-schedule:
-    specifier: ^2.1.0
-    version: 2.1.1
+  node-cron:
+    specifier: 4.6.0
+    version: 4.6.0
   nodemailer:
     specifier: ^8.0.1
     version: 8.0.1
@@ -203,9 +200,6 @@ devDependencies:
   '@types/node':
     specifier: ^17.0.21
     version: 17.0.45
-  '@types/node-schedule':
-    specifier: ^1.3.2
-    version: 1.3.2
   '@types/nodemailer':
     specifier: ^6.4.4
     version: 6.4.17
@@ -4516,12 +4510,6 @@ packages:
       '@types/express': 4.17.21
     dev: true
 
-  /@types/node-schedule@1.3.2:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-Y0CqdAr+lCpArT8CJJjJq4U2v8Bb5e7ru2nV/NhDdaptCMCRdOL3Y7tAhen39HluQMaIKWvPbDuiFBUQpg7Srw==}
-    dependencies:
-      '@types/node': 17.0.45
-    dev: true
-
   /@types/node@17.0.45:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-w+tIMs3rq2afQdsPJlODhoUEKzFP1ayaoyl1CcnwtIlsVe7K7bA1NGm4s3PraqTLlXnbIN84zuBlxBWo1u9BLw==}
 
@@ -7046,13 +7034,6 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-VQ2MBenTq1fWZUH9DJNGti7kKv6EeAuYr3cLwxUWhIu1baTaXh4Ib5W2CqHVqib4/MqbYGJqiL3Zb8GJZr3l4g==}
     dev: true
 
-  /cron-parser@4.9.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-p0SaNjrHOnQeR8/VnfGbmg9te2kfyYSQ7Sc/j/6DtPL3JQvKxmjO9TSjNFpujqV3vEYYBvNNvXSxzyksBWAx1Q==}
-    engines: {node: '>=12.0.0'}
-    dependencies:
-      luxon: 3.5.0
-    dev: false
-
   /cron-parser@5.4.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-HxYB8vTvnQFx4dLsZpGRa0uHp6X3qIzS3ZJgJ9v6l/5TJMgeWQbLkR5yiJ5hOxGbc9+jCADDnydIe15ReLZnJA==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
@@ -10445,10 +10426,6 @@ packages:
       triple-beam: 1.4.1
     dev: false
 
-  /long-timeout@0.1.1:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-BFRuQUqc7x2NWxfJBCyUrN8iYUYznzL9JROmRz1gZ6KlOIgmoD+njPVbb+VNn2nGMKggMsK79iUNErillsrx7w==}
-    dev: false
-
   /long@5.2.3:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-lcHwpNoggQTObv5apGNCTdJrO69eHOZMi4BNC+rTLER8iHAqGrUVeLh/irVIM7zTw2bOXA8T6uNPeujwOLg/2Q==}
     dev: false
@@ -10482,11 +10459,6 @@ packages:
       yallist: 4.0.0
     dev: true
 
-  /luxon@3.5.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-rh+Zjr6DNfUYR3bPwJEnuwDdqMbxZW7LOQfUN4B54+Cl+0o5zaU9RJ6bcidfDtC1cWCZXQ+nvX8bf6bAji37QQ==}
-    engines: {node: '>=12'}
-    dev: false
-
   /luxon@3.7.2:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-vtEhXh/gNjI9Yg1u4jX/0YVPMvxzHuGgCm6tC5kZyb08yjGWGnqAjGJvcXbqQR2P3MyMEFnRbpcdFS6PBcLqew==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
@@ -10849,6 +10821,11 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-73sE9+3UaLYYFmDsFZnqCInzPyh3MqIwZO9cw58yIqAZhONrrabrYyYe3TuIqtIiOuTXVhsGau8hcrhhwSsDIQ==}
     dev: false
 
+  /node-cron@4.6.0:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-Si/bzYiKRHOB8/a99T2+SDGN582ONDMSTlJr5oCkT6GtnqPjZ2s10eoQRYkW9ZHwjVxONL+W8Fb+qR0AHMQsdg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=20'}
+    dev: false
+
   /node-domexception@1.0.0:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-/jKZoMpw0F8GRwl4/eLROPA3cfcXtLApP0QzLmUT/HuPCZWyB7IY9ZrMeKw2O/nFIqPQB3PVM9aYm0F312AXDQ==}
     engines: {node: '>=10.5.0'}
@@ -10963,15 +10940,6 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-d9VeXT4SJ7ZeOqGX6R5EM022wpL+eWPooLI+5UpWn2jCT1aosUQEhQP214x33Wkwx3JQMvIm+tIoVOdodFS40g==}
     dev: true
 
-  /node-schedule@2.1.1:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-OXdegQq03OmXEjt2hZP33W2YPs/E5BcFQks46+G2gAxs4gHOIVD1u7EqlYLYSKsaIpyKCK9Gbk0ta1/gjRSMRQ==}
-    engines: {node: '>=6'}
-    dependencies:
-      cron-parser: 4.9.0
-      long-timeout: 0.1.1
-      sorted-array-functions: 1.3.0
-    dev: false
-
   /nodemailer@8.0.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-5kcldIXmaEjZcHR6F28IKGSgpmZHaF1IXLWFTG+Xh3S+Cce4MiakLtWY+PlBU69fLbRa8HlaGIrC/QolUpHkhg==}
     engines: {node: '>=6.0.0'}
@@ -14180,10 +14148,6 @@ packages:
       sort-object-keys: 1.1.3
     dev: true
 
-  /sorted-array-functions@1.3.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-2sqgzeFlid6N4Z2fUQ1cvFmTOLRi/sEDzSQ0OKYchqgoPmQBVyM3959qYx3fpS6Esef80KjmpgPeEr028dP3OA==}
-    dev: false
-
   /source-map-js@1.2.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-UXWMKhLOwVKb728IUtQPXxfYU+usdybtUrK/8uGE8CQMvrhOpwvzDBwj0QhSL7MQc7vIsISBG8VQ8+IDQxpfQA==}
     engines: {node: '>=0.10.0'}
diff --git a/test/back/cron-macros.test.cjs b/test/back/cron-macros.test.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af562f85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/back/cron-macros.test.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+const test = require('node:test');
+const assert = require('node:assert/strict');
+const { createCronJob } = require('../../back/shared/cronScheduler');
+const { isValidCronSchedule } = require('../../back/shared/cronSchedule');
+
+// node-cron caches timezone formatters; model each deployment in a fresh process.
+if (!process.env.QL_MACRO_TEST_TZ) {
+  for (const tz of ['UTC', 'Asia/Shanghai']) {
+    test(`macro execution in ${tz}`, () => {
+      const result = require('node:child_process').spawnSync(process.execPath,
+        ['-r', 'ts-node/register/transpile-only', '--test', __filename],
+        { env: { ...process.env, TZ: tz, QL_MACRO_TEST_TZ: tz }, encoding: 'utf8' });
+      assert.equal(result.status, 0, result.stdout + result.stderr);
+    });
+  }
+}
+for (const tz of process.env.QL_MACRO_TEST_TZ ? [process.env.QL_MACRO_TEST_TZ] : []) {
+  for (const [macro, start, next] of [
+    ['@annually', [2026, 11, 31, 23, 59, 59], [[2027, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0], [2028, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0]]],
+    ['@midnight', [2026, 8, 27, 23, 59, 59], [[2026, 8, 28, 0, 0, 0], [2026, 8, 29, 0, 0, 0]]],
+    ['@minutely', [2026, 8, 27, 12, 34, 59], [[2026, 8, 27, 12, 35, 0], [2026, 8, 27, 12, 36, 0]]],
+  ]) {
+    test(`${macro} fires at the expected local times in ${tz}`, async (t) => {
+      const previousTZ = process.env.TZ;
+      process.env.TZ = tz;
+      t.after(() => { if (previousTZ === undefined) delete process.env.TZ; else process.env.TZ = previousTZ; });
+      t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['Date', 'setTimeout', 'setInterval'], now: new Date(...start) });
+      const expected = next.map((parts) => new Date(...parts).getTime());
+      const actual = [];
+      assert.equal(isValidCronSchedule(` ${macro} `), true);
+      const job = createCronJob(macro, (date) => actual.push(date.getTime()), {
+        name: macro, logger: { warn() {}, error() {} },
+      });
+      t.after(() => job.cancel());
+      for (const time of expected) {
+        t.mock.timers.tick(time - Date.now() - 1);
+        await new Promise(setImmediate);
+        assert.equal(actual.includes(time), false, 'must not fire early');
+        t.mock.timers.tick(1);
+        await new Promise(setImmediate);
+      }
+      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+test('new aliases do not enable unknown macros or raw parser extensions', () => {
+  for (const schedule of ['@annuallyx', '@midnightx', '@minutelyx', '@secondly', '@reboot', 'H * * * *', '0 /5 * * * *']) {
+    assert.equal(isValidCronSchedule(schedule), false, schedule);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/test/back/cron-schedule-compatibility.test.cjs b/test/back/cron-schedule-compatibility.test.cjs
index 0e74f044..7619111c 100644
--- a/test/back/cron-schedule-compatibility.test.cjs
+++ b/test/back/cron-schedule-compatibility.test.cjs
@@ -1,41 +1,69 @@
 const test = require('node:test');
 const assert = require('node:assert/strict');
-const nodeSchedule = require('node-schedule');
 const { isValidCronSchedule } = require('../../back/shared/cronSchedule');
+const { createCronJob } = require('../../back/shared/cronScheduler');
+const legacy = require('../fixtures/legacy-cron.json');
+const logger = { warn() {}, error() {} };
+const flush = () => new Promise(setImmediate);
 
-test('validation agrees with the actual scheduler across legacy cron syntax', () => {
-  const candidates = new Set([
-    '*', '0', '?', '0 0', '0 0 *', '0 0 * *',
-    '@yearly', '@annually', '@monthly', '@weekly', '@daily', '@midnight',
-    '@hourly', '@secondly', '@minutely', '@weekdays', '@weekends', '@reboot',
-    '0 0 1 1 * 2027', '0 0 0 L * *', '0 0 0 * * 5L',
-    '0 0 0 * * MON#2', '0 0 12 LW * *', '0 0 12 15W * *',
-    '0 0 0 ? * MON', '0 0/30 * * * ?', '0 /5 * * * *',
-  ]);
-  const fields = [
-    ['*', '?', '/5', '*/5', '0/5', '0', '01', '1-5', '1,3', '5-1', 'H', 'H/5', 'H(0-10)', 'L'],
-    ['*', '?', '/5', '*/5', '0/5', '0', '01', '1-5', '1,3', '5-1', 'H', 'H/5', 'H(0-10)', 'L'],
-    ['*', '?', '/2', '*/2', '0/2', '0', '01', '1-5', '1,3', '23-2', 'H', 'L'],
-    ['*', '?', '/2', '*/2', '1/2', '1', '01', '1-5', '1,3', 'L', 'L-1', 'LW', '15W', 'H'],
-    ['*', '?', '/2', '*/2', '1/2', '1', '01', '1-5', '1,3', 'JAN', 'jan', 'JAN-MAR', 'DEC-FEB', 'H'],
-    ['*', '?', '/2', '*/2', '0/2', '0', '7', '01', '1-5', '1,3', 'MON', 'mon', 'MON-FRI', 'FRI-MON', '5L', 'L', 'MON#2', '1#5', 'H'],
-  ];
-  fields.forEach((options, index) => options.forEach((field) => {
-    const values = ['0', '0', '0', '*', '*', '*'];
-    values[index] = field;
-    candidates.add(values.join(' '));
-  }));
-  for (const value of [...candidates]) {
-    if (value.split(' ').length === 6) {
-      candidates.add(` ${value} `);
-      candidates.add(value.split(' ').slice(1).join(' '));
-    }
+test('validation preserves legacy syntax except the explicitly added macros', () => {
+  const addedMacros = new Set(['@annually', '@midnight', '@minutely']);
+  assert.ok(legacy.validation.length > 250);
+  for (const { schedule, accepted } of legacy.validation) {
+    assert.equal(isValidCronSchedule(schedule), accepted || addedMacros.has(schedule), schedule);
   }
-  for (const value of candidates) {
-    const job = nodeSchedule.scheduleJob(value, () => {});
-    const accepted = Boolean(job);
-    job?.cancel();
-    assert.equal(isValidCronSchedule(value), accepted, value);
-  }
-  assert.ok(candidates.size > 250);
+});
+
+for (const sample of legacy.times) {
+  test(`calendar compatibility: ${sample.schedule} from ${sample.currentDate}`, async (t) => {
+    const previousTZ = process.env.TZ;
+    process.env.TZ = 'UTC';
+    t.after(() => { if (previousTZ === undefined) delete process.env.TZ; else process.env.TZ = previousTZ; });
+    t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['Date', 'setTimeout', 'setInterval'], now: new Date(sample.currentDate) });
+    const actual = [];
+    const job = createCronJob(sample.schedule, (date) => actual.push(date.toISOString()), { name: 'calendar', logger });
+    t.after(() => job.cancel());
+    for (const expected of sample.next) {
+      t.mock.timers.tick(new Date(expected).getTime() - Date.now());
+      await flush();
+    }
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, sample.next);
+  });
+}
+
+test('late callbacks catch up exactly once and cancellation destroys native tasks', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['Date', 'setTimeout', 'setInterval'], now: new Date('2026-09-27T00:00:00Z') });
+  const native = require('node-cron');
+  const before = native.getTasks().size;
+  const dates = [], warnings = [];
+  const job = createCronJob('* * * * * *', (date) => dates.push(date.getTime()), {
+    name: 'late', logger: { warn: (...args) => warnings.push(args), error() {} },
+  });
+  t.after(() => job.cancel());
+  t.mock.timers.tick(8000);
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(dates.length, 8);
+  assert.equal(new Set(dates).size, 8);
+  assert.ok(warnings.length > 0);
+  job.cancel();
+  t.mock.timers.tick(5000);
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(dates.length, 8);
+  assert.equal(native.getTasks().size, before);
+});
+
+test('callback rejection is logged and future executions continue', async (t) => {
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['Date', 'setTimeout', 'setInterval'], now: new Date('2026-09-27T00:00:00Z') });
+  const errors = [];
+  let count = 0;
+  const job = createCronJob('* * * * * *', async () => { count++; throw Error('callback failed'); }, {
+    name: 'failure', logger: { warn() {}, error: (...args) => errors.push(args) },
+  });
+  t.after(() => job.cancel());
+  t.mock.timers.tick(1000);
+  await flush();
+  t.mock.timers.tick(1000);
+  await flush();
+  assert.equal(count, 2);
+  assert.equal(errors.length, 2);
 });
diff --git a/test/back/cron-scheduler-routing.test.cjs b/test/back/cron-scheduler-routing.test.cjs
index 6f241697..e6ae9ee2 100644
--- a/test/back/cron-scheduler-routing.test.cjs
+++ b/test/back/cron-scheduler-routing.test.cjs
@@ -25,6 +25,14 @@ test('system and node modes route extended cron once and keep portable rules in
     const rows = [
       { id: 'plain', schedule: '*/5 0-23 * * 1,3' },
       { id: 'spaces', schedule: '  0\t0 * * *  ' },
+      { id: 'numeric-step', schedule: '0/5 * * * *' },
+      { id: 'sunday-seven', schedule: '0 0 * * 7' },
+      { id: 'day-step', schedule: '0 0 */2 * *' },
+      { id: 'restricted-days', schedule: '0 0 1-31 * 1' },
+      { id: 'restricted-week', schedule: '0 0 1 * 0-6' },
+      { id: 'annually', schedule: '@annually' },
+      { id: 'midnight', schedule: '@midnight' },
+      { id: 'minutely', schedule: '@minutely' },
       { id: 'seconds', schedule: '0 0 * * * *' },
       { id: 'question', schedule: '0 0 * * ?' },
       { id: 'last', schedule: '0 0 L * *' },
@@ -43,7 +51,7 @@ test('system and node modes route extended cron once and keep portable rules in
     }
     await service.setCrontab({ data: rows, total: rows.length });
     assert.equal(installs, mode === 'system' ? 1 : 0);
-    for (const id of ['seconds', 'question', 'last', 'nth', 'named', 'macro', 'short', 'extra', 'once', 'boot']) {
+    for (const id of ['numeric-step', 'sunday-seven', 'day-step', 'restricted-days', 'restricted-week', 'annually', 'midnight', 'minutely', 'seconds', 'question', 'last', 'nth', 'named', 'macro', 'short', 'extra', 'once', 'boot']) {
       const line = file.split('\n').find((line) => line.endsWith(`task ${id}.js`));
       assert.ok(line.startsWith('# '), `${mode}: ${id} cannot also run from system crontab`);
     }
diff --git a/test/back/legacy-cron-recovery.test.cjs b/test/back/legacy-cron-recovery.test.cjs
index ef6b2f66..3a50a106 100644
--- a/test/back/legacy-cron-recovery.test.cjs
+++ b/test/back/legacy-cron-recovery.test.cjs
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ const { format } = require('node:util');
 const load = require('../helpers/load-security-module.cjs');
 const { SchedulerReadiness } = require('../../back/shared/schedulerReadiness');
 
+const { getTasks } = require('node-cron');
+
 const legacySchedules = [
   '* * * * *',
   '*/5  * * * *',
@@ -54,8 +56,11 @@ test('legacy main and extra schedules restore real jobs and healthy readiness',
   assert.equal(stacks.size, crons.length);
   for (const jobs of stacks.values()) {
     assert.equal(jobs.length, 2);
-    assert.ok(jobs.every((job) => job.nextInvocation()));
+    assert.ok(jobs.every((job) => typeof job.cancel === 'function'));
   }
+  const nativeJobs = [...getTasks().values()];
+  assert.equal(nativeJobs.length, crons.length * 2);
+  assert.ok(nativeJobs.every((job) => job.getStatus() !== 'stopped'));
   const previousJobs = [...stacks.values()].flat();
   for (const schedule of ['@bogus', '0 /5 * * * ?', '0 70 * * * ?']) {
     for (const invalid of [
@@ -64,7 +69,8 @@ test('legacy main and extra schedules restore real jobs and healthy readiness',
     ]) {
       await assert.rejects(register([invalid]), (error) => error.code === 3);
       assert.deepEqual([...stacks.values()].flat(), previousJobs);
-      assert.ok(previousJobs.every((job) => job.nextInvocation()));
+      assert.deepEqual([...getTasks().values()], nativeJobs);
+      assert.ok(nativeJobs.every((job) => job.getStatus() !== 'stopped'));
     }
   }
 });
diff --git a/test/back/node-cron-migration.test.cjs b/test/back/node-cron-migration.test.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b2f70d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/back/node-cron-migration.test.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+const test = require('node:test');
+const assert = require('node:assert/strict');
+const load = require('../helpers/load-security-module.cjs');
+const { createCronJob } = require('../../back/shared/cronScheduler');
+const logger = { info() {}, warn() {}, error() {} };
+
+test('native calendar skips nonexistent spring time and duplicate fall hour', async (t) => {
+  const previous = process.env.TZ;
+  process.env.TZ = 'America/New_York';
+  t.after(() => { if (previous === undefined) delete process.env.TZ; else process.env.TZ = previous; });
+  t.mock.timers.enable({ apis: ['Date', 'setTimeout', 'setInterval'], now: new Date('2026-03-08T05:00:00Z') });
+  const springRuns = [];
+  const spring = createCronJob('0 30 2 * * *', (date) => springRuns.push(date.toISOString()), { name: 'spring', logger });
+  t.after(() => spring.cancel());
+  t.mock.timers.tick(new Date('2026-03-09T06:30:00Z') - Date.now());
+  await new Promise(setImmediate);
+  assert.deepEqual(springRuns, ['2026-03-09T06:30:00.000Z']);
+  spring.cancel();
+  t.mock.timers.setTime(new Date('2026-11-01T05:30:00Z').getTime());
+  const fallRuns = [];
+  const fall = createCronJob('0 30 1 * * *', (date) => fallRuns.push(date.toISOString()), { name: 'fall', logger });
+  t.after(() => fall.cancel());
+  t.mock.timers.tick(new Date('2026-11-02T06:30:00Z') - Date.now());
+  await new Promise(setImmediate);
+  assert.deepEqual(fallRuns, ['2026-11-02T06:30:00.000Z']);
+});
+
+test('construction failure cleans staged jobs and preserves the running snapshot', async () => {
+  const cancelled = [];
+  const stacks = new Map([['old', [{ cancel: () => cancelled.push('old') }]]]);
+  let count = 0;
+  const { addCron } = load('back/schedule/addCron.ts', {
+    './data': { scheduleStacks: stacks },
+    '../shared/cronScheduler': { createCronJob: () => {
+      if (++count === 2) throw Error('construction failed');
+      return { start() { throw Error('must not start'); }, cancel: () => cancelled.push('staged') };
+    } },
+    '../shared/runCron': {}, '../loaders/logger': logger, '../shared/i18n': { tf: require('node:util').format },
+  });
+  await assert.rejects(new Promise((resolve, reject) => addCron({ request: {
+    replace: true, crons: [{ id: 'new', schedule: '* * * * *', extra_schedules: [{ schedule: '0 * * * *' }] }],
+  } }, (error) => error ? reject(error) : resolve())), /construction failed/);
+  assert.deepEqual([...stacks.keys()], ['old']);
+  assert.deepEqual(cancelled, ['staged']);
+});
+
+test('invalid subscription schedules are isolated and immediate runs without a schedule survive', async () => {
+  const warnings = [], runs = [];
+  const Service = load('back/services/schedule.ts', {
+    typedi: { Service: () => (x) => x, Inject: () => () => {} },
+    '../shared/pLimit': {},
+  }).default;
+  const service = new Service({ ...logger, warn: (...args) => warnings.push(args) });
+  service.runTask = async (...args) => { runs.push(args); };
+  const item = { id: 123, name: 'subscription', command: 'true', runOrigin: 'subscription' };
+  await service.createCronTask({ ...item, schedule: 'not a cron' });
+  assert.equal(warnings.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(service.scheduleStacks.size, 0);
+  await service.createCronTask(item, {}, true);
+  assert.equal(runs.length, 1);
+  await service.createCronTask({ ...item, schedule: '* * * * *' });
+  assert.equal(service.scheduleStacks.size, 1);
+  await service.cancelCronTask(item);
+  assert.equal(service.scheduleStacks.size, 0);
+});
diff --git a/test/back/scheduler-bulk-recovery.test.cjs b/test/back/scheduler-bulk-recovery.test.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87167ad9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/back/scheduler-bulk-recovery.test.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+const test = require('node:test');
+const assert = require('node:assert/strict');
+const grpc = require('@grpc/grpc-js');
+const load = require('../helpers/load-security-module.cjs');
+const { SchedulerReadiness } = require('../../back/shared/schedulerReadiness');
+
+for (const [name, rows, delay, succeeds] of [
+  ['large distinct snapshot', Array.from({length:10000}, (_, i) => ({id:String(i), schedule:`${i%60} ${Math.floor(i/60)%60} ${Math.floor(i/3600)} * * *`})), 10000, true],
+  ['extra schedules', [{id:'extra', schedule:'* * * * *', extra_schedules:Array.from({length:2000},()=>({schedule:'0 * * * *'}))}], 10000, true],
+  ['unresponsive small write', [{id:'small', schedule:'* * * * *'}], 30000, false],
+  ['unresponsive large write remains bounded', Array.from({length:30000},()=>({schedule:'* * * * *'})), 180000, false],
+]) {
+  test(`recovery deadline: ${name}`, async (t) => {
+    t.mock.timers.enable({apis:['Date','setTimeout'], now:0});
+    let calls=0, deadline;
+    const fake={waitForReady:(_,cb)=>cb(), addCron:(_req,_meta,options,cb)=>{
+      calls++; deadline=options.deadline;
+      const budget=deadline-Date.now();
+      setTimeout(()=>cb(delay<=budget ? null : Object.assign(Error('deadline'),{code:grpc.status.DEADLINE_EXCEEDED}), {}), Math.min(delay,budget));
+    }};
+    const client=load('back/schedule/client.ts', {
+      '../protos/cron':{CronClient:class{constructor(){return fake}}},
+      '../config':{grpcPort:5500},
+      '../config/grpcCerts':{getGrpcCerts:()=>({caCert:'ca',clientKey:'key',clientCert:'cert'})},
+      '@grpc/grpc-js':{...grpc,credentials:{createSsl:()=>({})}},
+    }).default;
+    const readiness=new SchedulerReadiness(async()=>{}, 60000);
+    t.after(()=>clearTimeout(readiness.retry));
+    client.readiness=readiness;
+    readiness.configure(()=>client.addCron(rows,true));
+    const recovering=readiness.recover();
+    await new Promise(setImmediate);
+    assert.equal(calls,1);
+    assert.ok(deadline<=120000);
+    t.mock.timers.tick(Math.min(delay,deadline));
+    assert.equal(await recovering,succeeds);
+    assert.equal(calls,1,'uncertain writes are not replayed inline');
+    assert.equal(await readiness.check(),succeeds);
+  });
+}
diff --git a/test/back/scheduler-reconciliation.test.cjs b/test/back/scheduler-reconciliation.test.cjs
index effeaea1..566ff1ab 100644
--- a/test/back/scheduler-reconciliation.test.cjs
+++ b/test/back/scheduler-reconciliation.test.cjs
@@ -41,8 +41,10 @@ test('recovery reconciles a surviving scheduler after missed deletes and disable
   );
   const { addCron } = load('back/schedule/addCron.ts', {
     './data': { scheduleStacks: stacks },
-    'node-schedule': {
-      scheduleJob: (id) => ({ cancel: () => cancelled.push(id) }),
+    '../shared/cronScheduler': {
+      createCronJob: (_schedule, _callback, options) => ({
+        start() {}, cancel: () => cancelled.push(options.name.split(':')[0]),
+      }),
     },
     '../shared/runCron': {},
     '../loaders/logger': { info() {}, warn() {} },
diff --git a/test/fixtures/legacy-cron.json b/test/fixtures/legacy-cron.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f8844b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/legacy-cron.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1371 @@
+{
+  "source": "node-schedule 2.1.1 / cron-parser 4.9.0, captured before migration",
+  "validation": [
+    {
+      "schedule": "*",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "?",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "@yearly",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "@annually",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "@monthly",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "@weekly",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "@daily",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "@midnight",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "@hourly",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "@secondly",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "@minutely",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "@weekdays",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "@weekends",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "@reboot",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 1 1 * 2027",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 L * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * 5L",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * MON#2",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 12 LW * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 12 15W * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 ? * MON",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0/30 * * * ?",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 /5 * * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "* 0 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "? 0 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "/5 0 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "*/5 0 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0/5 0 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "01 0 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "1-5 0 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "1,3 0 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "5-1 0 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "H 0 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "H/5 0 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "H(0-10) 0 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "L 0 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 * 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 ? 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 /5 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 */5 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0/5 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 01 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 1-5 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 1,3 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 5-1 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 H 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 H/5 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 H(0-10) 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 L 0 * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 * * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 ? * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 /2 * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 */2 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0/2 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 01 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 1-5 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 1,3 * * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 23-2 * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 H * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 L * * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 ? * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 /2 * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 */2 * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 1/2 * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 1 * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 01 * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 1-5 * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 1,3 * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 L-1 * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 LW * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 15W * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 H * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * ? *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * /2 *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * */2 *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * 1/2 *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * 1 *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * 01 *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * 1-5 *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * 1,3 *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * JAN *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * jan *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * JAN-MAR *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * DEC-FEB *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * H *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * ?",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * /2",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * */2",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * 0/2",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * 0",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * 7",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * 01",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * 1-5",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * 1,3",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * MON",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * mon",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * MON-FRI",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * FRI-MON",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * L",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * 1#5",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 0 * * H",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": " 0 0 1 1 * 2027 ",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 1 1 * 2027",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": " 0 0 0 L * * ",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 L * *",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": " 0 0 0 * * 5L ",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 * * 5L",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": " 0 0 0 * * MON#2 ",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 * * MON#2",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": " 0 0 12 LW * * ",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 12 LW * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": " 0 0 12 15W * * ",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 12 15W * *",
+      "accepted": false
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": " 0 0 0 ? * MON ",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0 0 ? * MON",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": " 0 0/30 * * * ? ",
+      "accepted": true
+    },
+    {
+      "schedule": "0/30 * * * ?",
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