# 非root用户运行 Docker 指南 / Non-Root Docker User Guide [English](#english) | [简体中文](#简体中文) --- ## 简体中文 ### 问题背景 青龙面板依赖系统的 `cron` 服务来执行定时任务。在 Docker 容器中运行时,不同的基础镜像对 `cron` 的权限要求不同: - **Alpine Linux**: 使用 BusyBox 的 `crond` 实现,**要求 root 权限**才能运行 - **Debian/Ubuntu**: 使用标准的 `cron` 实现,**支持非 root 用户**运行自己的 crontab ### 推荐方案:使用 Debian 镜像 如果您的环境**不能使用 root 用户运行 Docker**,我们强烈推荐使用 Debian 版本的镜像: ```bash docker pull whyour/qinglong:debian ``` ### 为什么 Debian 镜像适合非 root 用户? 1. **用户级 crontab 支持**: Debian 的 `cron` 服务支持每个用户维护自己的 crontab,无需 root 权限 2. **兼容性更好**: 支持更多需要标准 GNU 工具链的依赖包 3. **权限管理更灵活**: 可以轻松配置文件和进程的权限 ### 使用 Debian 镜像运行(非 root 用户) ⚠️ **重要提示**: 当前 Debian 镜像默认以 root 用户运行。如果需要以非 root 用户运行,需要设置 `PM2_HOME` 环境变量以避免 PM2 权限错误。 **注意**: PM2_HOME 必须设置在容器本地文件系统(如 `/tmp`),不能在挂载的卷上,因为 PM2 的 Unix socket 在某些文件系统上不受支持。 #### 方式一:使用 docker run ```bash # 创建数据目录并设置权限 mkdir -p /your/data/path chown -R 1000:1000 /your/data/path # 1000 是容器内默认用户 ID # 以非 root 用户运行(需要设置 PM2_HOME) docker run -d \ --name qinglong \ --user 1000:1000 \ -e PM2_HOME=/tmp/.pm2 \ -v /your/data/path:/ql/data \ -p 5700:5700 \ whyour/qinglong:debian ``` #### 方式二:使用 docker-compose ```yaml version: '3' services: qinglong: image: whyour/qinglong:debian container_name: qinglong user: "1000:1000" # 指定用户 ID 和组 ID environment: - PM2_HOME=/tmp/.pm2 # 必需:设置 PM2 工作目录到本地文件系统 volumes: - ./data:/ql/data ports: - "5700:5700" restart: unless-stopped ``` ### Alpine 镜像的限制 如果您必须使用 Alpine 镜像(`whyour/qinglong:latest`),需要注意: 1. **必须以 root 用户运行**: Alpine 的 `crond` 需要 root 权限 2. **不支持非 root 模式**: 尝试以非 root 用户运行会导致定时任务无法执行 3. **错误表现**: - 可以添加定时任务(数据库操作成功) - 任务不会被定时执行(`crontab` 命令失败) - 可能看到 "Operation not permitted" 相关错误 ### 非 root 用户运行的已知限制 使用 Debian 镜像以非 root 用户运行时,有以下已知限制: 1. **无法创建全局命令快捷方式**: 应用会尝试在 `/usr/local/bin/` 创建 `ql` 和 `task` 命令的符号链接,但非 root 用户无权限。**这不影响任何功能**,应用会自动使用完整路径,定时任务和所有功能正常工作。 2. **需要正确配置 PM2_HOME**: 必须设置为容器本地文件系统(如 `/tmp/.pm2`),详见上面的配置示例。 ### 故障排查 #### 如何确认当前使用的镜像版本? ```bash docker inspect qinglong | grep Image ``` #### PM2 权限错误(EACCES: permission denied) 如果看到类似以下错误: ``` Error: EACCES: permission denied, mkdir '/.pm2/logs' Error: EACCES: permission denied, mkdir '/.pm2/pids' ``` **原因**: PM2 默认使用 `~/.pm2` 作为工作目录,非 root 用户可能没有权限。 **解决方案**: 设置 `PM2_HOME` 环境变量到容器本地文件系统的可写目录: ```bash # 使用 docker run docker run -d \ --name qinglong \ --user 1000:1000 \ -e PM2_HOME=/tmp/.pm2 \ -v /your/data/path:/ql/data \ -p 5700:5700 \ whyour/qinglong:debian # 或在 docker-compose.yml 中添加 environment: - PM2_HOME=/tmp/.pm2 ``` #### Symlink 权限错误(/usr/local/bin) 如果看到以下错误: ``` EACCES: permission denied, symlink '/ql/shell/update.sh' -> '/usr/local/bin/ql_tmp' ``` **原因**: 应用尝试在 `/usr/local/bin/` 创建 `ql` 和 `task` 命令的符号链接,非 root 用户无权限在系统目录创建。 **影响**: 这是一个警告,**不影响任何功能**。应用会自动检测符号链接是否可用,并在不可用时使用完整路径。 **定时任务自动适配**: - ✅ 定时任务自动使用完整路径(如 `/ql/shell/task.sh`) - ✅ Web 界面完全正常工作 - ✅ 所有核心功能不受影响 - ℹ️ 手动在命令行使用时需要完整路径 **解决方案**: 1. **忽略此错误**(推荐)- 应用已自动处理,功能完全正常 2. **如果需要在命令行使用 `ql` 和 `task` 命令**(非 root 用户): **方式一:使用 Shell 别名**(推荐) ```bash # 在容器内执行 docker exec -it qinglong bash # 添加别名到 ~/.bashrc echo 'alias ql="/ql/shell/update.sh"' >> ~/.bashrc echo 'alias task="/ql/shell/task.sh"' >> ~/.bashrc source ~/.bashrc # 现在可以直接使用命令 ql update task script.js ``` **方式二:添加到用户 PATH** ```bash # 在容器内执行 docker exec -it qinglong bash # 创建用户 bin 目录 mkdir -p ~/bin # 创建符号链接 ln -sf /ql/shell/update.sh ~/bin/ql ln -sf /ql/shell/task.sh ~/bin/task # 添加到 PATH echo 'export PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bashrc source ~/.bashrc # 现在可以直接使用命令 ql update task script.js ``` **方式三:使用完整路径** ```bash /ql/shell/update.sh # 代替 ql update /ql/shell/task.sh # 代替 task ``` #### PM2 Socket 错误(ENOTSUP) 如果看到以下错误: ``` Error: connect ENOTSUP /ql/data/.pm2/rpc.sock ``` **原因**: PM2 使用 Unix domain sockets 进行进程间通信,某些文件系统(如网络挂载、Windows 卷、某些 NFS)不支持 Unix sockets。 **解决方案**: 将 `PM2_HOME` 设置到容器的本地文件系统(如 `/tmp`),而不是挂载的卷: ```bash # 正确:使用容器本地文件系统 -e PM2_HOME=/tmp/.pm2 # 错误:使用挂载的卷(可能不支持 Unix sockets) -e PM2_HOME=/ql/data/.pm2 ``` #### 如何测试 crontab 权限? 在容器内执行: ```bash # 进入容器 docker exec -it qinglong bash # 测试 crontab 命令 crontab -l # 如果看到 "must be suid to work properly" 或权限错误,说明需要 root 权限 ``` #### 如何迁移到 Debian 镜像? ```bash # 1. 停止并备份当前容器的数据 docker stop qinglong docker cp qinglong:/ql/data ./data_backup # 2. 删除旧容器 docker rm qinglong # 3. 使用 Debian 镜像创建新容器(设置 PM2_HOME) docker run -d \ --name qinglong \ --user 1000:1000 \ -e PM2_HOME=/tmp/.pm2 \ -v ./data_backup:/ql/data \ -p 5700:5700 \ whyour/qinglong:debian ``` ### 技术细节:定时任务添加流程 当您在前端添加新的定时任务时,后端经历以下步骤: 1. **数据库操作** (`back/services/cron.ts:create()`) - 创建 `Crontab` 记录并保存到数据库 - 这一步**不需要特殊权限**,通常能成功 2. **Node Cron 注册** (如果是 6 段或更多段的 cron 表达式) - 通过 `cronClient.addCron()` 注册到 Node.js 的 cron 调度器 - 这一步也**不需要系统权限** 3. **系统 Crontab 更新** (`back/services/cron.ts:setCrontab()`, 第 672 行) - 执行 `crontab ` 命令 - **这一步在 Alpine 上需要 root 权限** - 在 Debian 上非 root 用户可以成功执行 4. **Crond 守护进程** (`docker/docker-entrypoint.sh`, 第 36 行) - 运行 `crond -f` 守护进程来执行定时任务 - **Alpine 的 crond 必须以 root 运行** - Debian 的 cron 支持用户级运行 ### 相关资源 - [Alpine Linux crontab 权限问题](https://gitlab.alpinelinux.org/alpine/aports/-/issues/5380) - [StackOverflow: Alpine 上 crontab 编辑失败](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/36453787/failed-to-edit-crontab-linux-alpine) - [Debian cron 手册](https://manpages.debian.org/bullseye/cron/cron.8.en.html) --- ## English ### Background Qinglong panel relies on the system's `cron` service to execute scheduled tasks. When running in Docker containers, different base images have different permission requirements for `cron`: - **Alpine Linux**: Uses BusyBox's `crond` implementation, **requires root privileges** - **Debian/Ubuntu**: Uses standard `cron` implementation, **supports non-root users** ### Recommended Solution: Use Debian Image If your environment **cannot run Docker as root**, we strongly recommend using the Debian version: ```bash docker pull whyour/qinglong:debian ``` ### Why Debian Image is Better for Non-Root Users? 1. **User-level crontab support**: Debian's `cron` allows each user to maintain their own crontab without root privileges 2. **Better compatibility**: Supports more dependency packages that require standard GNU toolchain 3. **Flexible permission management**: Easy to configure file and process permissions ### Running with Debian Image (Non-Root User) ⚠️ **Important**: The current Debian image runs as root by default. If you need to run as a non-root user, you must set the `PM2_HOME` environment variable to avoid PM2 permission errors. **Note**: PM2_HOME must be set on the container's local filesystem (e.g., `/tmp`), not on a mounted volume, because PM2's Unix sockets may not be supported on certain filesystems. #### Method 1: Using docker run ```bash # Create data directory and set permissions mkdir -p /your/data/path chown -R 1000:1000 /your/data/path # 1000 is the default user ID in container # Run as non-root user (PM2_HOME must be set) docker run -d \ --name qinglong \ --user 1000:1000 \ -e PM2_HOME=/tmp/.pm2 \ -v /your/data/path:/ql/data \ -p 5700:5700 \ whyour/qinglong:debian ``` #### Method 2: Using docker-compose ```yaml version: '3' services: qinglong: image: whyour/qinglong:debian container_name: qinglong user: "1000:1000" # Specify user ID and group ID environment: - PM2_HOME=/tmp/.pm2 # Required: Set PM2 working directory to local filesystem volumes: - ./data:/ql/data ports: - "5700:5700" restart: unless-stopped ``` ### Alpine Image Limitations If you must use the Alpine image (`whyour/qinglong:latest`), please note: 1. **Must run as root**: Alpine's `crond` requires root privileges 2. **No non-root support**: Attempting to run as non-root will cause scheduled tasks to fail 3. **Error symptoms**: - Can add scheduled tasks (database operation succeeds) - Tasks won't execute on schedule (`crontab` command fails) - May see "Operation not permitted" related errors ### Known Limitations for Non-Root Users When running Debian images as a non-root user, there are the following known limitations: 1. **Cannot create global command shortcuts**: The application attempts to create symbolic links for `ql` and `task` commands in `/usr/local/bin/`, but non-root users lack permissions. **This doesn't affect any functionality** - the application automatically uses full paths, and scheduled tasks and all features work normally. 2. **PM2_HOME must be configured correctly**: Must be set to the container's local filesystem (e.g., `/tmp/.pm2`), see configuration examples above. ### Troubleshooting #### How to check current image version? ```bash docker inspect qinglong | grep Image ``` #### PM2 Permission Errors (EACCES: permission denied) If you see errors like: ``` Error: EACCES: permission denied, mkdir '/.pm2/logs' Error: EACCES: permission denied, mkdir '/.pm2/pids' ``` **Cause**: PM2 uses `~/.pm2` as its default working directory, which non-root users may not have permission to write to. **Solution**: Set the `PM2_HOME` environment variable to a writable directory on the container's local filesystem: ```bash # Using docker run docker run -d \ --name qinglong \ --user 1000:1000 \ -e PM2_HOME=/tmp/.pm2 \ -v /your/data/path:/ql/data \ -p 5700:5700 \ whyour/qinglong:debian # Or add to docker-compose.yml environment: - PM2_HOME=/tmp/.pm2 ``` #### Symlink Permission Errors (/usr/local/bin) If you see this error: ``` EACCES: permission denied, symlink '/ql/shell/update.sh' -> '/usr/local/bin/ql_tmp' ``` **Cause**: The application attempts to create symbolic links for `ql` and `task` commands in `/usr/local/bin/`, which requires root permissions. **Impact**: This is a warning and **does not affect any functionality**. The application automatically detects if symlinks are available and uses full paths when they're not. **Scheduled Tasks Auto-Adapt**: - ✅ Scheduled tasks automatically use full paths (e.g., `/ql/shell/task.sh`) - ✅ Web interface works completely normally - ✅ All core functionality is unaffected - ℹ️ Manual command-line usage requires full paths **Solution**: 1. **Ignore this error** (recommended) - The application handles this automatically, everything works normally 2. **If you need to use `ql` and `task` commands in CLI** (for non-root users): **Method 1: Use Shell Aliases** (Recommended) ```bash # Execute inside container docker exec -it qinglong bash # Add aliases to ~/.bashrc echo 'alias ql="/ql/shell/update.sh"' >> ~/.bashrc echo 'alias task="/ql/shell/task.sh"' >> ~/.bashrc source ~/.bashrc # Now you can use commands directly ql update task script.js ``` **Method 2: Add to User PATH** ```bash # Execute inside container docker exec -it qinglong bash # Create user bin directory mkdir -p ~/bin # Create symbolic links ln -sf /ql/shell/update.sh ~/bin/ql ln -sf /ql/shell/task.sh ~/bin/task # Add to PATH echo 'export PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bashrc source ~/.bashrc # Now you can use commands directly ql update task script.js ``` **Method 3: Use Full Paths** ```bash /ql/shell/update.sh # Instead of: ql update /ql/shell/task.sh # Instead of: task ``` #### PM2 Socket Errors (ENOTSUP) If you see this error: ``` Error: connect ENOTSUP /ql/data/.pm2/rpc.sock ``` **Cause**: PM2 uses Unix domain sockets for inter-process communication. Some filesystems (network mounts, Windows volumes, certain NFS configurations) do not support Unix sockets. **Solution**: Set `PM2_HOME` to the container's local filesystem (e.g., `/tmp`) instead of a mounted volume: ```bash # Correct: Use container's local filesystem -e PM2_HOME=/tmp/.pm2 # Incorrect: Using mounted volume (may not support Unix sockets) -e PM2_HOME=/ql/data/.pm2 ``` #### How to test crontab permissions? Execute inside the container: ```bash # Enter container docker exec -it qinglong bash # Test crontab command crontab -l # If you see "must be suid to work properly" or permission errors, root is required ``` #### How to migrate to Debian image? ```bash # 1. Stop and backup current container data docker stop qinglong docker cp qinglong:/ql/data ./data_backup # 2. Remove old container docker rm qinglong # 3. Create new container with Debian image (set PM2_HOME) docker run -d \ # 3. Create new container with Debian image (set PM2_HOME) docker run -d \ --name qinglong \ --user 1000:1000 \ -e PM2_HOME=/tmp/.pm2 \ -v ./data_backup:/ql/data \ -p 5700:5700 \ whyour/qinglong:debian ``` ### Technical Details: Scheduled Task Addition Flow When you add a new scheduled task from the frontend, the backend goes through these steps: 1. **Database Operation** (`back/services/cron.ts:create()`) - Creates `Crontab` record and saves to database - **Doesn't require special permissions**, usually succeeds 2. **Node Cron Registration** (if cron expression has 6+ segments) - Registers with Node.js cron scheduler via `cronClient.addCron()` - **Doesn't require system permissions** 3. **System Crontab Update** (`back/services/cron.ts:setCrontab()`, line 672) - Executes `crontab ` command - **Requires root privileges on Alpine** - Non-root users can execute successfully on Debian 4. **Crond Daemon** (`docker/docker-entrypoint.sh`, line 36) - Runs `crond -f` daemon to execute scheduled tasks - **Alpine's crond must run as root** - Debian's cron supports user-level execution ### Related Resources - [Alpine Linux crontab permission issue](https://gitlab.alpinelinux.org/alpine/aports/-/issues/5380) - [StackOverflow: Failed to edit crontab on Alpine](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/36453787/failed-to-edit-crontab-linux-alpine) - [Debian cron manual](https://manpages.debian.org/bullseye/cron/cron.8.en.html)